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Substance flow analysis for an urban drainage system of a representative hypothetical city in China

Hua BAI, Siyu ZENG, Xin DONG, Jining CHEN

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第5期页码 746-755 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0551-y

摘要： This paper discusses the use of substance flow analysis (SFA) as a tool to support quantified research on urban drainage systems. Based on the principle of mass balance, a static substance flow model is established to describe and examine the routes and intensities of water, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for a representative hypothetical city (RH city) in China, which is a devised and scaled city using statistical characteristics of urban circumstances at the national level. It is estimated that the annual flux of water, COD, TN and TP through the urban drainage system in 2010 was 55.1 million m , 16037.3 t, 1649.5 t and 209.7 t, respectively. The effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was identified as the most important pathway for pollutant emissions, which contributed approximately 60% of COD, 65% of TN and 50% of TP to receiving water. During the wastewater treatment process, 1.0 million m , 7042.5 t, 584.2 t and 161.4 t of the four studied substances had been transmitted into sludge, meanwhile 3813.0 t of COD and 394.0 t of TN were converted and emitted to the atmosphere. Compared with the representative hypothetical city of 2000, urban population and the area of urban built districts had expanded by approximately 90% and 80% respectively during the decade, resulting in a more than threefold increase in the input of substances into the urban drainage system. Thanks to the development of urban drainage systems, the total loads of the city were maintained at a similar level.

关键词： substance flow analysis (SFA) urban drainage system representative hypothetical city (RH city) water pollution control

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Innovation Ecosystem for Green Smart City Building in China

Jin Chen

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第4期页码 325-330 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015058

摘要： Green Smart City (GSC), is one of the new types of cities which integrates eco-concepts and information technologies. As GSC construction is a resource intensive process, it requires a large amount of knowledge, information, talent and capital. Thus, setting up an innovation ecosystem is an astute way to promote the construction of a GSC. This paper, based on the case study by the Insigma Group, tries to explore the rules of innovation ecosystem building for the construction of GSCs in China.

关键词： green smart city resource innovation ecosystem building

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The development of roadside green swales in the Chinese Sponge City Program: Challenges and opportunities

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 566-581 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0267-z

摘要： Roadside green swales have emerged as popular stormwater management infrastructure in urban areas, serving to mitigate stormwater pollution and reduce urban surface water discharge. However, there is a limited understanding of the various types, structures, and functions of swales, as well as the potential challenges they may face in the future. In recent years, China has witnessed a surge in the adoption of roadside green swales, especially as part of the prestigious Sponge City Program (SCP). These green swales play a crucial role in controlling stormwater pollution and conserving urban water resources by effectively removing runoff pollutants, including suspended solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus. This review critically examines recent research findings, identifies key knowledge gaps, and presents future recommendations for designing green swales for effective stormwater management, with a particular emphasis on ongoing major Chinese infrastructure projects. Despite the growing global interest in bioswales and their significance in urban development, China’s current classification of such features lacks a clear definition or specific consideration of bioswales. Furthermore, policymakers have often underestimated the adverse environmental effects of road networks, as reflected in existing laws and planning documents. This review argues that the construction and maintenance of roadside green swales should be primarily based on three critical factors: Well-thought-out road planning, suitable construction conditions, and sustainable long-term funding. The integration of quantitative environmental standards into road planning is essential to effectively address the challenge of pollution from rainfall runoff. To combat pollution associated with roads, a comprehensive assessment of potential pollution loadings should be carried out, guiding the appropriate design and construction of green swales, with a particular focus on addressing the phenomenon of first flush. One of the major challenges faced in sustaining funds for ongoing maintenance after swale construction. To address this issue, the implementation of a green finance platform is proposed. Such a platform would help ensure the availability of funds for continuous maintenance, thus maximizing the long-term effectiveness of green swales in stormwater management. Ultimately, the findings of this review aim to assist municipal governments in enhancing and implementing future urban road designs and SCP developments, incorporating effective green swale strategies.

关键词： grass swale infiltration swale bioswale wet swale sponge city

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数字城市到智慧城市的思考与探索

李成名,刘晓丽

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第5期页码 4-7

摘要：

首先综述了构建权威、唯一、通用的数字城市地理空间框架的必要性，然后详细介绍了我国数字城市建设的总体思路、进展情况、发挥的作用及产生的影响。接下来，针对时代发展、技术进步和需求变化，论述了当前地理空间框架面临的全新发展机遇和挑战，以及存在的问题，明确指出了智慧城市阶段时空信息框架的建设目标与内容，展望了下一步技术突破的方向。

关键词：数字城市智慧城市时空信息云平台

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China’s Sponge City construction: A discussion on technical approaches

Haifeng Jia, Zheng Wang, Xiaoyue Zhen, Mike Clar, Shaw L. Yu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0984-9

摘要： Since 2014, China has been implementing the Sponge City Construction initiative, which represents an enormous and unprecedented effort by any government in the world for achieving urban sustainability. According to preliminary estimates, the total investment on the Sponge City Plan is roughly 100 to 150 million Yuan (RMB) ($15 to $22.5 million) average per square kilometer or 10 Trillion Yuan (RMB) ($1.5 Trillion) for the 657 cities nationwide. The Sponge City Plan (SCP) calls for the use of natural processes such as soil and vegetation as part of the urban runoff control strategy, which is similar to that of low impact development (LID) and green infrastructure (GI) practices being promoted in many parts of the world. The SCP includes as its goals not only effective urban flood control, but also rainwater harvest, water quality improvement and ecological restoration. So far, the SCP implementation has encountered some barriers and challenges due to many factors. The present paper presents a review of those barriers and challenges, offers discussions and recommendations on several technical aspects such as control goals and objectives; planning/design and construction of LID/GI practices; performance evaluation. Several key recommendations are proposed on Sponge City implementation strategy, Site-specific regulatory framework and technical guidance, Product innovation and certification, LID/GI Project financing, LID/GI professional training and certification, public outreach and education. It is expected that the successful implementation of the SCP not only will bring about a sustainable, eco-friendly urbanization process in China, but also contribute enormously to the LID/GI research and development with the vast amount of relevant data and experiences generated from the Sponge City construction projects.

关键词： Low impact development (LID) Green infrastructure (GI) Sponge City Barriers Construction strategies

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Prevalence and causes of air pollution and lung cancer in Xuanwei City and Fuyuan County, Yunnan Province

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 217-220 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0192-8

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破解城市十大难题基本公式及城市泛中心论

董国良

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第6期页码 7-13

摘要：

总结了城市可持续发展面临着占地多、交通堵、停车难、步行难、能耗高、效率低、治安差、不宜居及交通事故频发、交通投资巨大等十大难题，给出了破解这些难题的基本公式；在各项基本公式的指引下，由诸多复杂的城市模式方案中升华而产生的节约·生态·畅通城市新模式(JD模式)一旦得到推广，十大难题将全面破解，城市宜居指数将提高1倍；可持续发展的城市格局不应该像象棋棋盘一样锁定中心位置，而应该像围棋棋盘一样各个中心的位置可以在发展中形成和变化，这就是城市泛中心论。

关键词：城市可持续发展交通城市泛中心论

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Low Impact Development and Sponge City Construction for Urban Stormwater Management

Haifeng Jia, Shaw L. Yu, Huapeng Qin

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0989-4

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Case-based reasoning for selection of the best practices in low-carbon city development

Zhenhua HUANG, Hongqin FAN, Liyin SHEN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第3期页码 416-432 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0036-1

摘要： Cities emit extensive carbon emissions, which are considered a major contributor to the severe issue of climate change. Various low-carbon development programs have been initiated at the city level worldwide to address this problem. These practices are invaluable in promoting the development of low-carbon cities. Therefore, an effective approach should be developed to help decision makers select the best practices from previous experience on the basis of the impact features of carbon emission and city context features. This study introduces a case-based reasoning methodology for a specific city to select the best practices as references for low-carbon city development. The proposed methodology consists of three main components, namely, case representation, case retrieval, and case adaption and retention. For city representation, this study selects city context features and the impact features of carbon emission to characterize and represent a city. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by applying it to the selection of the best practices for low-carbon development of Chengdu City in Sichuan Province, China.

关键词： low-carbon city carbon emission best practices case-based reasoning

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智慧韧性城市建设框架体系及路径研究

徐雪松,闫月,陈晓红,刘星宝,粟芸,唐加乐,彭建军

《中国工程科学》 2023年第25卷第1期页码 10-19 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.05.027

摘要：

在极端天气、突发事件频发的背景下，加强韧性城市和智慧城市融合建设，将全面提升城市抵抗力和恢复力，促进城市管理的现代化、数字化、规范化、可持续。智慧韧性城市指融合智慧城市建设中的新一代信息技术、调度系统，据此强化城市应对突发重大事件的全周期韧性能力。本文阐述了智慧韧性城市的内涵与发展价值，分析了开展智慧韧性城市建设面临的挑战；提出了智慧韧性城市建设的框架、生态、路径、评估指标，相对全面地阐明了领域发展要素及模式。研究建议，合理增加公共财政投入、提升基础设施建设水平，建立健全应急法律法规、完善社会治理体系，注重智能信息技术建设、追求科技赋能发展，发挥政府统筹作用、推进多元协作共治，以此驱动智慧韧性城市建设、支撑城市高质量发展。

关键词：智慧韧性城市数字化转型城市管理韧性城市智慧城市

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节地节投资节油70%彻底不堵车城市新模式

董国良

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第1期页码 11-17

摘要：

提出了“城市基因改造论”和“畅通城市新模式”。目前城市“有机体”中存在着致病基因——“空间错位”，正是这一致病基因，导致产生了影响城市可持续发展的十大问题：城市占地多、效率低、能耗高、污染重、停车难、治安差、不宜居，以及交通事故多、交通投资巨大等。城市交通问题应该从“城市交通-城市空间-经济-社会”四个层次综合研究，“跳出交通看交通”，铲除“空间错位”这个基因，才能一揽子解决城市交通和城市可持续发展的诸多问题。通过分别构筑车与人的空间，将一个混乱的城市空间变为两个自由空间，从而构建“畅通城市新模式”，既可实现《雅典宪章》所提出的寻找新的街道系统以适应汽车交通特性^［1］，又可实现建设“以人为本”节约宜人型城市的新目标。

关键词：城市交通可持续发展

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Interactive effects of high-speed rail on nodal zones in a city: exploratory study on China

Guo LIU, Kunhui YE

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第3期页码 327-335 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0051-2

摘要： The arrival of the high-speed rail (HSR) era has accelerated the pace of urban development, but its broad socioeconomic impact remains subject to intense debates. This research aims to propose a model for measuring the impact of HSR operation on HSR stations and the surrounding areas, which this research call the HSR-based nodal zone (HNZ). The proposed model is composed of two variables (i.e., transportation situation and vitality) and three subsystems (i.e., economic, societal, and environmental). Data were collected in China through questionnaire survey. Results indicate that the effects of HSR operation on HNZ are multidimensional, transportation vitality has an intermediary role in the effects, and the effects on the physical environment are negative. This study presents an early examination of the impact of HSR operation on the HSR stations and relevant areas and contributes new evidence to academic debates on the contribution of HSR to urban development. Accordingly, urban development policies should be built on the mechanism of HSR in driving the growth of HNZ.

关键词： high-speed rail nodal zone interactive effects sustainable urbanization China

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Upgrading to urban water system 3.0 through sponge city construction

Nanqi Ren, Qian Wang, Qiuru Wang, Hong Huang, Xiuheng Wang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0960-4

摘要： Urban water system 3.0 (Blue, gray, brown and yellow arrows represent water flow, wastewater flow, resource and energy respectively) Facing the pressure of excessive water consumption, high pollution load and rainstorm waterlogging, linear and centralized urban water system, system 2.0, as well as traditional governance measures gradually exposed characters of water-sensitivity, vulnerability and unsustainability, subsequently resulting in a full-blown crisis of water shortage, water pollution and waterlogging. To systematically relieve such crisis, we established healthy urban water-cycling system 3.0, in which decentralized sewerage systems, spongy infrastructures and ecological rivers play critical roles. Through unconventional water resource recycling, whole process control of pollutions and ecological restoration, system 3.0 with integrated management measures, is expected to fit for multiple purposes which involve environmental, ecological, economic and social benefits. With advantages of flexibility, resilience and sustainability, water system 3.0 will show an increasingly powerful vitality in the near future.

关键词： Water crisis Urban water system Spongy city Decentralized system Multi-purpose

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上海海洋新城建设构想

宗源远,王志群,阮伟,楼飞

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第6期页码 25-29

摘要：

上海肩负着建设“四个中心”的重任，同时又面临着众多的发展瓶颈，其中土地资源的短缺是制约上海发展的重要因素。横沙岛是一个集“区位、土地、岸线、航道”等众多优势资源于一身的区域，其可成陆的土地面积约为480 km2，可形成的岸线近100 km，同时利用其东侧直接面向大海的优势，有建设深水大港的条件。横沙新城的建设即可突破城市瓶颈，再造第二个“浦东”，为未来上海的发展提供广阔空间。

关键词：上海横沙岛造陆海洋新城构想

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山水城市——21世纪中国的人居环境

鲍世行

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第9期页码 19-23

摘要：

20世纪90年代，中国掀起了一场关于21世纪社会主义中国城市发展模式的大讨论。钱学森教授提出的山水城市概念是把中国传统文化中的山水诗词、山水画和中国古典园林与现代城市建设结合起来。山水城市的核心思想是，兼顾城市生态和历史文化，兼顾现代科技和环境美学；它考虑未来城市生产、生活发展的需要；它是为中国老百姓享受的生活、工作环境。21世纪是城市的世纪，主要是发展中国家的城市化。中国已经开始进入城市化高速发展的时期，世界关注中国城市化发展的道路。这是山水城市讨论的时代背景。中华民族对山水有特殊的感情，山水意识几乎融入中华民族的遗传基因，山水文化的特色之一是综合艺术，这是山水城市的文化背景。

关键词：山水城市钱学森人居环境